Which type of chemical bond is formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions?

The formation of an ionic bond occurs when electrons are transferred from one atom to another. This transfer typically happens between atoms of significantly different electronegativities, such as sodium and chlorine. When sodium donates an electron to chlorine, sodium becomes a positively charged ion (cation) while chlorine becomes a negatively charged ion (anion). The resulting electrostatic attraction between these oppositely charged ions constitutes the ionic bond.

In contrast, metallic bonds involve a shared "sea of electrons" around positively charged metal ions, and covalent bonds are characterized by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, without transferring them. Hydrogen bonds are weaker interactions compared to the other types and involve the attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom and another electronegative atom. Thus, the distinct mechanism of electron transfer leading to charged ions identifies the ionic bond as the correct answer.