What is the process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones called?

The process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones is known as catabolism. This biochemical process is essential for metabolism and energy production in living organisms. During catabolism, larger molecules such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down through a series of enzymatic reactions into smaller units, such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. This breakdown releases energy that can be used by the body for various functions, including growth, repair, and maintaining homeostasis.

In contrast, anabolism refers to the building-up phase of metabolism where simple molecules are combined to form more complex structures, usually requiring energy. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, and hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated fats to make them saturated. Each of these processes serves different roles in biological and chemical systems, which is why catabolism is the correct response to the question about breaking down complex molecules.