The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in bologna is an example of a ___________ in food.

The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in bologna is considered a biological hazard because it involves the presence of a pathogenic organism that can cause illness in humans. Biological hazards in food include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi that can contaminate food products and lead to foodborne diseases. Listeria monocytogenes is a specific type of bacteria known for its ability to survive and grow at refrigeration temperatures, making it a significant concern in ready-to-eat food products like bologna.

Understanding biological hazards is crucial for food safety management, as they often require specific control measures, such as proper cooking, refrigeration, and hygienic processing practices, to prevent contamination and ensure that food remains safe for consumption. Since Listeria is not a physical obstruction (like foreign objects) and does not involve harmful chemicals, it clearly fits into the category of biological hazards.